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Зимбабве
« : 01/07/09 , 01:31:07 »


The Patriotic Front in Zimbabwe was a coalition of two communist parties: the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU) and the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) which had worked together to fight against white minority rule in Rhodesia.

In 1980 elections ZAPU contested as Patriotic Front whereas ZANU contested as ZANU-Patriotic Front.

In 1988 the ruling ZANU absorbed ZAPU to become Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) for good.
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The Zimbabwe African National Union was a militant organization that fought against white minority rule in Rhodesia, formed as a split from the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU). ZANU won the 1980 elections under the leadership of Robert Mugabe, and seven years later merged again with Joshua Nkomo's ZAPU to form ZANU-PF, the current governing party of the country.

Its founder was the Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole (1920-2000) in conjunction with an able, activist, black lawyer Herbert Chitepo, who were dissatisfied with the militant tactics of Nkomo. In contrast to future developments, both parties drew from both the Shona and the Ndebele — the two major tribes of the region. Both ZANU and ZAPU formed political wings within the country (under those names) and military wings: the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) and the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) respectively to fight the struggle from neighbouring countries — ZANLA from Mozambique after the Portuguese withdrew, and ZIPRA from Zambia and other countries.

Robert Mugabe unilaterally assumed control of ZANU after the assassination of Herbert Chitepo on March 18, 1975. Later that year, there was a factional split along tribal lines caused the Ndebele to follow Sithole into the moderate ZANU (Ndonga) party, who renounced violent struggle, while the Shona followed Mugabe with a more militant agenda.

Sithole joined a transitional government of whites and blacks in 1979, led by Bishop Abel Muzorewa. When sanctions remained in place, he joined Muzorewa for the Lancaster House Agreement in London, where a new constitution and elections were prepared. His small breakaway opposition group failed to win any seats in independent elections that swept Mugabe under the ZANU flag to power in 1980.

In 1987, after 7 years of low-level civil war termed Gukurahundi, the opposition Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), led by Joshua Nkomo, merged with ZANU to form ZANU-PF with the added moniker of Patriotic Front, in what was seen as a step towards a one party state.
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Zimbabwe African People's Union
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The Zimbabwe African People's Union is a once militant organization and political party that fought for the national liberation of Zimbabwe from its founding in 1961 until it merged with the Zimbabwe African National Union in December 1987.[1]

The party was formed on 17 December 1961, 10 days after the Rhodesian government's banning of the National Democratic Party (NDP). Founded by Joshua Nkomo as president, Parirenyatwa as vice-president, Ndabaningi Sithole as chairman, Jason Moyo, Robert Mugabe as information and publicity secretary, Leopold Takawira as external secretary, at the request of Joseph Msika (currently a Vice-President of Zimbabwe), ZAPU was banned in 1962 by the Rhodesian colonial government, and was later engaged in a guerrilla war against it. The armed wing of ZAPU, known as Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), was commanded by General Lookout Masuku. ZIPRA is the only military establishment or movement in the world which has hit an aeroplane with a land mine. After the Royal Rhodesian Air Force started bombing civilian targets in Mozambique and Zambia, ZIPRA started shooting down civilian planes, which were at that point being used to ferry soldiers and matrial to the Rhodesian front. They also burnt the fuel tanks which forced the then Rhodesian administration to negotiate with ZAPU to resolve the issue of equal rights for black people in Zimbabwe.

ZAPU was aligned with the Soviet Union whose ideology was to mobilise the urban workers, whereas ZANU had a pro-People's Republic of China orientation which was to mobilise the rural peasantry.Contents [hide]
1 Unification into ZANU-PF
1.1 Unity Accord
2 2008 Withdrawal from Unity Accord
2.1 ZAPU National Consultative Convention
2.2 Party Congress of 2009
3 References
4 See also
5 External links


[edit]
Unification into ZANU-PF

In 1980 it contested elections in Zimbabwe as the Patriotic Front, but lost to its rival the ZANU. They merged into ZANU-PF in 1987 following the Gukurahundi massacres.

[edit]
Unity Accord

The Unity Accord signed at that meeting stated:
That ZANU PF and PF ZAPU have irrevocably committed themselves to unite under one political party.
That the unity of the two political parties; shall be achieved under the name Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front) in short ZANU PF.
That Comrade Robert Gabriel Mugabe shall be the First Secretary and President of ZANU PF.
That ZANU PF shall have two Second Secretaries and Vice Presidents who shall be appointed by the First Secretary and President of the Party.
That ZANU PF shall seek to establish a socialist society in Zimbabwe on the guidance of Marxist-Leninist principles.
That ZANU PF shall seek to establish a One Party State in Zimbabwe.
That the leadership of ZANU PF shall abide by the Leadership Code.
That the existing structures of ZANU PF and PF ZAPU shall be merged in accordance with the letter and spirit of this Agreement.
That both parties shall, in the interim, take immediate vigorous steps to eliminate and end the insecurity and violence prevalent in Matabeleland.
That ZANU PF and PF ZAPU shall convene their respective Congress to give effect to this Agreement within the shortest possible time.
That, in the interim, Comrade Robert Gabriel Mugabe is vested with full powers to prepare for the implementation of this Agreement and to act in the name and authority of ZANU PF.

[edit]
2008 Withdrawal from Unity Accord

In mid-October 2008, in the midst of the ongoing negotiations with rival parties, a group of former PF ZAPU and Zipra members became outspoken in the desire to dissolve the alliance with ZANU-PF. According to The Zimbabwe African Peoples Union (ZAPU) Website, the members convened a meeting in on November 8, 2008 and at the meeting it was decided:[2]
That the political structure of ZAPU cease to operate under the title ZANU PF and to resume the title ZAPU.
That all party structures operate under the authority of the Constitution of ZAPU.
That the District Councils should meet to prepare for and convene a Consultative Conference consisting of the ten Provinces by December 2008, for the purpose of electing an Interim Executive charged with the responsibility to mobilise and restructure the party and convene the party Congress by March 2009, in terms of Article 6 of the constitution of ZAPU.
That a campaign to mobilise resources in the country, from well-wishers everywhere, from fraternal political parties and International Organisations be undertaken forthwith.
To engage as necessary in the negotiations and peace building initiatives to emeliorate the political and economic hardships presently being endured by the people of Zimbabwe.
To convene a consultative Conference consisting of all the ten political Provinces by December 2008 for the purpose of electing an Interim Executive, charged to mobilise and restructure the party and convene the Party's Congress by March 2009, in terms of Article 6 of the Constitution of ZAPU.
THIS IS DONE AND AGREED TO by us the delegates to the Consultative Meeting at Stanley Square, Bulawayo on 8 November 2008.

[3]

This resulted in a party-internal controversy which culminated in an official severing of ties with ZANU-PF in December 2008.

[edit]
ZAPU National Consultative Convention

At the party conference, the ZAPU National Consultative Convention, held from the 13th to the 14th December 2008, Dumiso Dabengwa, a former Home Affairs minister was elected interim chairperson with the mandate to convene a two day congress starting the 11th of April 2009. The congress would formally endorse the pullout from ZANU and elect an executive for the party. The convention took place at MacDonald's Hall in Mzilikazi suburb in Bulawayo[4]

[edit]
Party Congress of 2009

The party congress of 2009 which was supposed to elect new leadership took place a month later that scheduled, on the 16th of May 2009[5]. The congress formally endorsed the party's withdrawal from Zanu PF. The party announced that it had officially cut ties with Zanu PF and had withdrawn support for its former members who had chosen to remain in ZANU. The congress was attended by delegates from the country's 12 provinces as well as representatives from Canada, South Africa, Botswana and Swaziland[6].

A new leadership was not elected. The interim executive was returned with Dumiso Dabengwa remaining as interim leader.
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Southern Rhodesia Communist Party was an illegal, underground communist party in Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe). It emerged from a split in the Rhodesia Labour Party.[1] The party had a small, and predominately white, membership. The party had links to the Communist Party of South Africa and the Communist Party of Great Britain.[2] The party disappeared in the late 1940s.[3] Nobel Laureate Doris Lessing was a member of the party.[4]

Оффлайн Vuntean

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Re: Зимбабве
« Ответ #1 : 10/04/12 , 21:03:10 »
Мастодонт ушедшей эпохи

 
10-Апр-2012 03:43 pm

Второй день передают о том, что президент Зимбабве Роберт Мугабе практически всё. Рак вообще становится профессиональным заболеванием президентов, так что диагноз никакого удивления не вызывает.

Если это действительно так (а Мугабе хоронят регулярно), то с его уходом в Африке практически заканчивается эпоха динозавров. Придя к власти в далеком 80, в 87 Мугабе зачистил политическое пространство подведомственной территории вместе с почти сотней тысяч противников и построил социализм с африканским лицом. Правда, из теории социализма Роберт Габриэль в основном твердо усвоил лишь абзац об экспроприации экспроприаторов, а экономическая платформа базировалась на твердых ценах на отдельные товары народного потребления. Остальное было отдано на откуп местным особенностям, каковые и создали на территории бывшей Южной Родезии весьма любопытное образование, ставившее разного рода рекорды - от 100.000% инфляции и купюры в 10 миллионов местных долларов до этнически чистого пространства, свободного от белых колонизаторов.

Мугабе был увлекающейся натурой - решив избавить соотечественников от плохих жилищных условий, в 2005-2007 годах он провёл масштабную расчистку трущоб - их попросту сносили. Однако после процедуры сноса интерес Мугабе к проблеме иссяк, на чем кампания и была завершена. Но обещание он выполнил - 2 с половиной миллиона человек, действительно, перестали жить в трущобах. С квадратными метрами благоустроенного жилья, правда, проблема осталась не прежнем уровне - но обещали-то выселить из трущоб, а не вселять в пентхаусы!

В общем, дед был правильный и практически наш человек. Проблема в том, что как бы к нему ни относиться, конкуренты у него на всех исторических этапах были, мягко говоря, еще хлеще. Белые колонизаторы столь тщательно зачистили пространство в Южной Родезии, что после них при всем богатстве выбора Мугабе был как бы наилучшей кандидатурой из имеющихся. Уже поэтому клясть диктатора я лично не готов - при всей неординарности и эксцентричности Роберт Габриэль выглядит на порядок гуманнее и мудрее, чем постоянно пытающиеся его сменить конкуренты.

Тем не менее, он всего лишь человек и потому смертен. Что будет с Зимбабве после него - сказать трудно. Одно можно предполагать наверняка - лучше там пока не будет. Оснований для столь безудержного оптимизма нет.

http://el-murid.livejournal.com/525830.html#cutid1