Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)
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Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)
()
Leader Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda)
Founded 1994
Headquarters Kathmandu
Political ideology Communism,
Marxism-Leninism-Maoism
International affiliation Revolutionary Internationalist Movement, CCOMPOSA
Website
http://www.cpnm.org/ Election symbol
See also the politics of Nepal series
The Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) (Nepali: ()) is a political party in Nepal, founded in 1994 and currently led by Pushpa Kamal Dahal, commonly known as Prachanda. Following massive popular demonstrations and a prolonged "People's War" against the monarchy, the CPN(M) became the ruling party during the Nepalese Constituent Assembly election, 2008. The CPN(M) led a coalition government until May 4, 2009 when Prachanda resigned over a conflict with the Nepalese President, Ram Baran Yadav, regarding Prachanda's decision to sack the head of the Nepalse army, Rookmangud Katawal.[1]
The Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) was previously the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) until it formally unified with the Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre-Masal) in January 2009, resulting in its full, current name: the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist).[2]Contents [hide]
1 Overview
2 Objectives
3 Organisational structure of the CPN-Maoist
4 Cadre
5 Prachanda Path, a new doctrine
6 Women in the party
7 Children in the party
8 Areas of operation
9 End to the people's war
10 The Kharipati meeting
11 Linkage with fraternal parties
12 Split of groups
13 Recent activities
14 See also
15 References
16 External links
[edit]
Overview
The CPN(M) was formed following a split in the Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre), and used the name CPN (Unity Centre) until 1995. On February 13, 1996 the party launched the "Nepalese People's War", and it gained control of some rural areas throughout Nepal before a ceasefire agreement was reached.
A family in a Maoist-controlled valley.
In 2001, the Nepalese Army began a military campaign against the Maoists, focusing their efforts in the rural and western areas of the country. Although there were intermittent ceasefires, fighting was roughly continuous through 2005, when the CPN(M) was at the height of its military power.[3]
In 2005, the CPN(M) sought a different strategy of seeking permanent peace accords while forming a pro-democratic alliance with several other mainstream political parties in opposition to the monarchical dictatorship of King Gyanendra.[3] Following massive popular uprisings and protests (some involving over a million people each), a prolonged general strike in 2006, asnd everal violent clashes between protesters and the Nepalese Army, the monarchy finally capitulated.[3] The CPN(M) gained international legitimacy as they agreed to lay down arms and participate in the new electoral process. In the aftermath of the conflict, several western European powers removed the CPN(M) from their government's terrorist lists.[citation needed]
In early 2008, the CPN(M) won the largest voting bloc in the Nepalese Constituent Assembly. International observers, like the Carter Center, said that the election was held in a "peaceful, orderly" manner and were "satisfying"[4] Other major political parties in Nepal such as the pro-democratic Nepali Congress Party and the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist), however, accused the Maoists of using force and fraud to win the election.
'Long Live Marxism-Leninism-Maoism and Prachanda Path'. Mural in Kathmandu made by the Madhesi Rashtriya Mukti Morcha
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Objectives
The Maoists announced a ???People's War’ on February 13, 1996, under the slogan: "Let us march ahead on the path of struggle towards establishing the people's rule by wreaking the reactionary ruling system of state." Maoists strongly believe in the philosophy of Mao Zedong who proclaimed, "Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun." Maoists also draw inspiration from the ???Revolutionary Internationalist Movement’, Peru's left wing guerrilla movement--the Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path), and from radical communist parties in different parts of the world.
The Maoists' aims in the ???People's War’ are to establish a ???People's Democracy’ in Nepal. The Maoists view it as an, "historical revolt against feudalism, imperialism and reformists." The catalyst for declaring the ???People's War’ was the failure of the Nepalese Government to respond to a memorandum presented by its representatives to Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba on February 4, 1996. The memorandum listed 40 demands related to "nationalism, democracy and livelihood". These included the abolition of royal privileges, the promulgation of a new constitution, and the abrogation of the Mahakali treaty with India which regulated the distribution of water and electricity as well as the delineation of the border between the two countries.
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Organisational structure of the CPN-MaoistParty People’s Liberation Army United Front
Standing committee Central military commission United people's district committees
Politberau Regional military commissions United people's area committee
Central committee Sub-regional military commissions United people's village committees
Regional bureaus (five) District military commissions United people's ward committees
Sub-regional bureaus (in some places special sub-regional bureau) Included in this are: Temporary battalion
District committees Companies
Area committees Platoons
Cell committee Squads (separate people's militias also exist under united village people's committees)
[edit]
Cadre
A considerable number of retired Gurkha soldiers of the British and the Indian Army inhabit many of the Maoist-controlled areas and Nepalese security agencies have suspected that these former soldiers along with those retired and deserters from the Royal Nepalese Army (RNA) have been or are involved in training the insurgents. Government estimates provided in early 2003 on the CPN-M strength indicated that there are approximately 31,500 combatants, 48,000 militia, 150,500 active cadres and 100,000 sympathizers. The main fighting and support forces consist of groups like Magars, Tharus, Limbus, Tamangs, Dalits, Brahmins and Chhetris, the last two also providing the political and military leadership). These communities are also an important vote-bank for the CPN(M) Among the Maoist fighters – about 60 per cent – are deployed in the mid-west and west in their strongholds. Another 10 per cent are in the far west with around 10 percent in Gorkha, the rest is located in Kathmandu valley and east of it.
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Prachanda Path, a new doctrine
In second conference of the CPN (Maoist), a post for chairman was created for the Maoist chief Prachanda. Until then, the chief of the organization had been its general secretary. A report titled “The great leap forward: An inevitable need of history” was presented by Prachanda. This report was in serious discussion in the central committee and the top leaders of the party. Based on this report, the CPN (Maoist) adopted Prachanda Path as its ideology. After five years of armed struggle, the party realized that none of the proletarian revolutions of the past could be carried out on Nepal’s context. So having analyzed the serious challenges and growing changes in the global arena, and moving further ahead than Marxism, Leninism and Maoism, the party determined its own ideology, Prachanda Path.
Prachanda Path in essence is a different kind of uprising, which can be described as the fusion of a protracted people’s war strategy which was adopted by Mao in China and the Russian model of armed revolution. Professor Lok Raj Baral, in his writing about Prachanda Path says that this doctrine doesn’t apparently make an ideological break with Marxism and Leninism but finds that these doctrines' strategies aren’t able to be replicated in Nepal as it was done in the past. Most of the Maoist leaders think that the adoption of Prachanda Path after the second national conference is what nudged the party into moving ahead with a clear vision ahead after five years of ???people’s war’.
Senior Maoist leader Mohan Vaidya alias Kiran says, ???Just as Marxism was born in Germany, Leninism in Russia and Maoism in China, Prachanda Path is Nepal’s identity of revolution. Just as Marxism has three facets- philosophy, political economy and scientific socialism, Prachanda Path is a combination of all three totally in Nepal’s political context.’ The adoption of Prachanda Path was inspired truly from the Shining Path. In fact, the bringing up of new doctrine worked out with the concept of giving a new identity to Nepal’s revolution. Talking about the party’s philosophy, Maoist chairman Prachanda says, ???The party considers Prachanda path as an enrichment of Marxism, Leninism and Maoism.’ After the party brought forward its new doctrine, the government was trying to comprehend the new ideology, Prachanda Path. Meanwhile CPN Maoist intensified their armed operations against the security forces.
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Women in the party
Women have been prominent in the recruiting profile. Available reports indicate that one-fifth to one-third of the cadre and combatants may be women. Reportedly, every village has a revolutionary women’s organization. According to a Jane’s Intelligence Review report of October 2001, there are usually two women in each unit of 35-40 men, and they are used to gather intelligence and act as couriers. Baburam Bhattarai was quoted as saying in Spacetime on April 18, 2003, that fifty percent of cadres at the lower level, thirty percent of soldiers and ten percent of members of central committee of the outfit were women. Durgha Pokhrel, then Chairman of National Women’s Commission, who visited more than 25 Maoist controlled districts, stated on July 3, 2003, during a talk delivered at the Nepal Council of World Affairs that percentage of women cadres could be as high as forty. A women’s group, the All Nepal Women's Association (Revolutionary), is alleged to be a front outfit of the CPN-M.
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Children in the party
To achieve their goals of removing the king and establishing a secular communist republic, the Maoists resorted to mass underage recruitment, particularly of young students, usually between 12 and 16 years old. At the conclusion of the war, an estimated 12,000 Maoist soldiers were below 18 years of age, and Human Rights Watch estimates that the majority of the current militia joined as minors. The United Nation Mission in Nepal (UNMIN) has verified nine thousand child soldiers currently in Maoist cantonment training camps.
Maoists used children as soldiers, messengers, cooks, porters and suppliers. Regardless of role, all children received rudimentary military training concerning explosives, so they would be able to recognize and avoid land mines. The Maoists, however, continue to deny that any soldiers were less than 18 years of age. They claim that they have cared for orphans of adult soldiers killed in the war, and that these children were not placed in danger.[5]
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Areas of operation
The guerrillas operate to varying degrees in 68 of the 75 districts that comprise Nepal. Their influence varies between moderate to very strong in these districts. In the districts of Rolpa, Rukum, Jajarkot, Salyan, Pyuthan and Kalikot in mid-western Nepal, Government presence is limited to the district headquarters with the rest of each district under Maoist control. The Nepalese Home Ministry has designated these districts as 'sensitive class A'. Nine districts, namely Dolakha, Ramechhap, Sindhuli, Kavrepalanchowk, Sindhupalchowk, Gorkha, Dang, Surkhet and Achham, are classified as 'Sensitive Class B', while 17 'Sensitive Class C' districts are Khotang, Okhaldhunga, Udaypur, Makwanpur, Lalitpur, Nuwakot, Dhading, Tanahu, Lamjung, Parbat, Baglung, Gulmi, Arghakhachi, Bardiya, Dailekh, Jumla and Dolpa. The Maoist insurgency initially commenced in the three districts of Rolpa, Rukum and Jajarkot and eventually spread throughout Nepal. Maoists have very strong bases in Western and mid-Western region and partially in Eastern region.
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End to the people's war
After holding the People’s War for ten years, the CPN (Maoist) sat down for peace talks after the successful accomplishment of the people’s movement in 2002/03. The twelve point agreement held between the then seven party alliance and the Maoist rebels in Delhi created a path for peaceful agitation against the direct rule of the king. The another important point of the twelve point agreement was to end the autocracy in Nepal. The people’s war conducted by the CPN(Maoist) created a basement for the establishment of a republic in Nepal. It also created political consciousness among the people at the grass root level and to some extent awareness for socio-economic transformation.
After the declaration of the king to reinstate the parliament, the CPN (Maoist) insisted that the declaration was a betrayal to the people. Instead the king should bring down his institution for his deeds. But there was no hearing from the other parties in the alliance. Maoist chairman Prachanda appeared at the prime minister’s residence, Baluwatar for the peace talk and said that he was there to establish a new modal of democracy in Nepal, rather he didn’t reveal the new modal of system that was going to be established in Nepal.
After the peace talk held between the CPN (Maoist) and the government of Nepal, the Maoist rebels were ready to put an end to the ten years long People’s War. Signing the peace accord, Maoist chairman Prachanda said that the people’s war was given a stop and a new revolution is to be performed from the reinstated parliament. The peace accord was signed in September 21,2006 after which the Maoist revolution was ended. However, Prachanda was able to provide legacy to the nineteen thousand people’s liberation army that was kept in the cantonment under the supervision of the United Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN).
The interim constitution of Nepal 2063, gave a constitutional position to the nineteen thousand Maoist cadres. There was a provision for providing monthly allowance for the Maoist armies staying at the cantonment. The Maoist leaders believe that the revolution has not ended just here but only the form of struggle was changed.
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The Kharipati meeting
The national conclave of the Maoist cadres held recently in Bhaktapur, Kharipati has ended up happily. Opposing chairman Prachanda's document, another senior leader Kiran produced a document contrary to it. The conclave ended up when a consensus was made to incorporate the spirit of both the documents and produce a new one. The cadres were split up into groups and then discussions were held about the documents produced. Majority groups supported Chairman Prachanda's document. Senior leader Kiran was shocked where he believed that a majority fraction was on his side. Leader Kiran produced a document which claimed that a suitable time has come for popular uprising and setting up a people's republic. Chairman Prachanda's document analyzes the fact that the party should move ahead creating a new statute in the favour of people and a tactical slogan for people's republic.
The conclave held several level of discussion where some disputes regarding the team leader had arisen. The team who supported Kiran's document had a leader who favoured Prachanda's document and vice-versa. The meeting ended up compromising both documents which will again be presented in the National Convention. The groups supporting Kiran's document blamed Prachanda's group for betraying the spirit of people's war and being more into luxury after holding the power. The conclave is most awaited after the Chunbang meeting which decided the party's slogan of 'Federal democratic republic'.
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Linkage with fraternal parties
According to available information, the Maoists of Nepal have well-established linkages with Indian revolutionary communist organizations, primarily with the Communist Party of India (Maoist), currently leading a protracted "people's war" throughout the subcontinent. The first signs of contacts were reportedly registered during 1989-1990, when the two groups started collaborating in order to expand their influence. According to Indian government analysis, they began the process of laying a corridor, which is now widely referred to as the Revolutionary Corridor (RC) extending from Nepal to across six Indian States, including Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. This entire area has been identified in Maoist literature as the Compact Revolutionary Zone (CRZ). The CRZ was organized by the Nepal and Indian members of the Naxalite movement, in a meeting at Siliguri in the Indian State of West Bengal during August 2001. Indian Maoists are known as Naxalites (or Naxals) in reference to a popular uprising that began decades ago centered in the town of Naxalbari.
Nepalese Maoists had sent their delegates to the March 2001 Congress of PWG held at Abuz Marh in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. The establishment of CRZ gave a wider space and platform for all the proscribed Nepal and Indian Naxalite organizations to strengthen their bases in both the countries.
The CPN(M) is a participating organization of the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement (RIM), a global association of revolutionary communist parties. In July 2001, ten regional Maoist groups formed the Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and Organization of South Asia (CCOMPOSA), in which the Nepalese Maoists, PWG, MCC, Purbo Banglar Surbahara Party (Bangladesh), Communist Party of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and other Indian communist parties became members. The appearance of graffiti in remote villages in Naxalite-strongholds, in Rayakal and Mallapur mandals (administrative unit) of Karimnagar district in Andhra Pradesh, hailing CCOMPOSA points the spread of the idea of a common front of revolutionary communist groups in South Asia. Moreover, the Central Committee of the Maoists, in late-January 2002, passed a resolution stating that it would work together with the PWG and the MCC in fighting the ban imposed on the latter two organisations in India, under the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002. A year earlier, in 2001, the Maoists had sent a senior leader named Gaurav as a fraternal delegate to attend the 9th Congress of the PWG. Reports indicate that the Maoists and the PWG have also formed the Indo-Nepal Border Region Committee to coordinate their activities in North Bihar and along the India-Nepal border.
During the people’s war, the Maoists also gathered a lot of support from organizations in South Asia, which was very important in carrying out the struggle with certain pace. Having visited several districts in India, Maoist chairman Prachanda studied the challenges of launching an armed struggle. Chairman Prachanda drafted war policies and tactics staying in India. Chairman Prachanda says, “First and foremost, there was the RIM Committee. There were important ideological and political exchanges. From the RIM committee we got the experience of the Communist Party of Peru, the two line struggle there, and also the experience in Turkey, the experience in Iran and the experience in the Philippines.” The CPN Maoist also participated in a South Asian Conference where they held discussions with the people’s war group and Maoist communist Centre groups. The party believes in achieving a lot from this meet about conducting a people’s war.
Having realized the necessity of spreading the party’s message to the world, the party came up with a decision to host a website which was to spread the knowledge about Nepalese revolution. Thus,
www.cpnm.org was hosted with the help of some of the fraternal Maoist organization in Europe. The CPN Maoist currently after the jump into the ???mainstream’politics played an initiative role in introducing a Maoist Communist Party in Bhutan as well. The new party in Bhutan is said to have greatly inspired from the Nepalese People’s War and want to have a same practice there.
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Split of groups
In 2004, a small group split from the CPN(M) to form Janatantric Terai Mukti Morcha.Till today this group has split up into more than five groups and said to have no specific ideological destiny. The group accused the CPN(M) of not guaranteeing the autonomy of the Terai region[2]. The name is in Nepalese which means "Terai Peoples Liberation Front"[3] in English. The Jwala Singh faction of the Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha (JTMM-J) was formed by Nagendra Kumar Paswan a.k.a. Jwala Singh in August 2006 after he broke away from the Jaya Krishna Goit led JTMM. Jwala Singh is a former CPN-Maoist cadre and had joined Goit when he floated the JTMM. Later, he developed differences with Goit over the strategies to be adopted for the liberation of the Terai and establishment of an independent Terai state.
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Recent activitiesCommunism in Nepal
Leaders[show]
Current groups[show]
Defunct groups[show]
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June 16, 2006 - The CPN (M) signed a 12 point agreement with the Seven Party Alliance in order to further the Loktantra Andolan. Following this, a three month ceasefire was declared yet the process of 'forced donations' is alleged to be continuing.[citation needed]
January 14, 2007 - The new 330-seat parliament, including 83 Maoists, was sworn-in after the cabinet approved an interim constitution.[6]
March 21, 2007 - 29 people were killed and more than 40 were injured in a deadly clash between the Madhesi People's Rights Forum (MPRF) and Maoist-aligned Madhesi Rashtriya Mukti Morcha (MRMM) cadres in Gaur.[7] The clashes broke out over a meeting ground in Gaur which both sides wanted to use. The Interior Ministry ordered an investigation into the incident.
April 1, 2007 - A new government was sworn in,[8][9] with five Maoist ministers and one junior minister.[9] The Maoists were placed in charge of the ministries of information, local development, planning and works, forestry, and women and children.[8]
September 18, 2007 - The CPN (Maoist) ministers resigned from the government due to the rejection of its demands, which included the declaration of a republic prior to the Constituent Assembly election then planned for November and an electoral system of proportional representation.[10]
December 31, 2007 - After agreements were reached providing for a partial proportional representation system and the abolition of the monarchy after the election,[11] five Maoists were sworn in as ministers again. The Maoist ministers were: CPN(M) spokesman Krishna Bahadur Mahara as Minister of Communication and Information, Dev Gurung as Minister of Local Development, Hisila Yami as Minister of Physical Planning, Matrika Yadav as Minister for Forest and Soil Conservation, and Pampha Bhusal as Minister for Women and Social Welfare. The first four had already been members of the government appointed in April.[12]
April 10, 2008 - The CPN (Maoist) participates in the 2008 Constituent Assembly election. The party gained around 30% of the vote, giving them 220 of the 575 elected seats (38%)[13] and were nominated for 9 additional seats by the council of ministers, giving them a total of 229 of the 601 seats overall.
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Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (April 2008)
For other uses, see Communist Party of Nepal (disambiguation).
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)
( -)
Founded January 6, 1991
Headquarters Balkhu, Kathmandu, Nepal
Political ideology Communism,
Marxism-Leninism
Students wing All Nepal National Free Students Union
Youth wing Democratic National Youth Federation, Nepal
Labour wing General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions
Website
www.cpnuml.org Election symbol
See also the politics of Nepal series
The Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist), also known as CPN-UML, CPN(UML), is one of the largest communist parties in Nepal. It was created on January 6, 1991 through the unification of the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist). CPN (UML) was a product of the Jana Andolan (People's Movement) uprising where communists, together with the Nepali Congress, played a major role in the installment of a constitutional democracy in Nepal.Contents [hide]
1 History
2 2008 Elections
3 2008-present
4 See also
5 Mass organizations
6 References
7 External links
[edit]
History
The fifth party congress (and the first one after the unification, the four first being of the original Communist Party of Nepal) was held in Kathmandu in January 1993. People's Multiparty Democracy was adopted as the party programme. Madan Bhandari was elected General Secretary and Man Mohan Adhikari was elected Chairman. Later the same year Bhandari died in a vehicle incident at Dashdhunga in Chitwan. After Bhandari's death, Madhav Kumar Nepal was elected General Secretary, and he remained in post until 2008.
In December 1994, CPN(UML) formed a minority government, which lasted nine months. Man Mohan Adhikari was elected Prime Minister and Madhav Kumar Nepal became Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1997, CPN(UML) participated in a non-Nepali Congress government, with a faction of the Rashtriya Prajatantra Party and the Nepal Sadbhavana Party, and held the Deputy Prime Ministership.
In March 1998, CPN(UML) suffered a severe split over the Mahakali Treaty treaty with India. Those opposing the treaty broke away and formed Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist) led by Bam Dev Gautam. The vertical split caused much harm to the party; in the 1999 parliamentary election, CPN(UML) merely got 31.61% of the votes whereas the rival faction only secured 5% of total votes.
On February 15, 2002, CPN(UML) and CPN(ML) were reunited. Following the merger, CPN(ML) leaders Sahana Pradhan, Bamdev Gautam and Radha Krishna Mainali were nominated to the standing committee of CPN(UML). Siddhilal Singh, Ashok Rai, Trilochan Dhakal, Kiran Gurung, Gopal Sakya, Kamal Cholagai, Rajendra Shrestha and Sitananda Raya were appointed full members of the central committee. Kamal Koirala, Hemraj Rai and Yogendra Shas were appointe alternative central committee members.[1][2]
The 7th general convention of CPN(UML) was held in Janakpur, February 1-February 6, 2003. The convention decided to abolish the post of party chair, a post vacant after the death of Manmohan Adhikari. Madhav Kumar Nepal was re-elected unopposed as General Secretary of the party. The convention elected a Central Committee consisting of Ashok Rai, Jhala Nath Khanal, Bharat Mohan Adhikari, Sahana Pradhan, Madhav Kumar Nepal, Subhas Nembang, Modnath Prashrit, Krishna Gopal Shrestha, Amrit Kumar Bohara, Pradeep Nepal, Bam Dev Gautam, Yuvraj Gyawali, Rajendra Pandey, Bidhya Devi Bhandari, Astha Laxmi Shakya, Keshab Prasad Badal, K.P. Sharma Oli, Shankhar Pokhrel, Radha Krishna Mainali, Pradeep Gyawali, Ishwor Pokhrel, Kashinath Adhikari, Bishnu Poudel, Siddhi Lal Singh, Mukund Neupane, Shanta Manavi, Surendra Pandey, Rajendra Shrestha, Kiran Gurung, Yuv Raj Karki and Raghu Pant, Suresh Karki, Bhim Rawal, Dhanendra Basnet, Hem Raj Rai, Bishnu Rimal, Trilochan Dhakal, Bhim Acharya, Kedar Neupane, Urbadutta Pant, Govinda Prasad Koirala, Gopal Shakya and Ramchandra Jha. 12 alternate members of the Central Committee were also elected: Chabbi Lal Biswokarma, Tul Bahadur Gurung, Urmila Aryal, Rakam Chemjong, Pashupati Chaulagain, Gokarna Bista, Prakash Jwala, Mahendra Pandey, Naresh Kharel, Ratneswore Goit, Puruswottam Poudel and Ramji Sharma.[3][4][5]
When King Gyanendra in 2003 dissolved parliament and sacked Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba, CPN(UML) took a leading part in the formation of the 5-parties protest movement. However, once Deuba had been reinstalled as Prime Minister, CPN(UML) joined the provisional government. This government was dissolved by Gyanendra in 19th Magh of the same year. In 2006, CPN (UML) was a major part of the Seven Party Alliance and the Loktantra Andolan.
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2008 Elections
CPN(UML) advocates a moderate leftist attitude. It played a major role in bringing Maoists to the negotiating table. However, the party has not been able to maintain a firm stance on issues, particularly during drafting the interim constitution, which showed a dual nature of the leadership. For the April 2008 Constituent Assembly election, the party rejected the proposal of electoral alliance with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), citing its own popularity among people, and it decided to compete in all constituencies. It turned out to be a grave mistake, as the CPN(UML)failed to secure a single place out of 10 in the Kathmandu district, once considered to be its lal-killa ( ), or stronghold region. The biggest shock to the party was that General Secretary Madhav Kumar Nepal was defeated in an election by Jhakku Prasad Subedi of the CPN(M), who had been viewed as having very little popularity. Following his defeat, Madhav Kumar Nepal submitted his resignation from the post of General Secretary of the party, the post he held for 15 years. The CPN (UML) won a total of 103 seats in the election (out of 575 elected seats), placing third behind the CPN (M) and the Nepali Congress. The party left the government after the election, citing the "clear will of the people" expressed through the election as the reason.
[edit]
2008-present This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help improve the article by updating it. There may be information on the talk page.
Following the resignation of M. K. Nepal, the post of General Secretary of the CPN (UML) was filled by Jhala Nath Khanal.
On February 2009, Jhala Nath Khanal has been elected to the Chairman of CPN (UML) by the eighth General Convention of the party organised in Butwal. Ishwar Pokhrel was elected to the General Secretary. [6]
In early May 2009 the UML joined several parties in leaving the Maoist-led coalition government in response to the sacking of Army Chief of Staff Rookmangud Katawal.[7] Following the resulting dissolution of the coalition, the UML now leads its successor.
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Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist) is a political party in Nepal, formed on September 15, 2005 through the merger of Communist Party of Nepal (United) and Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist).[2] The party is a member of the United Left Front and contributed to the 2006 Loktantra Andolan.
Bishnu Bahadur Manandhar (general secretary of CPN(United)) was named general secretary of the party (he later stepped down) and Prabhu Narayan Chaudhari (president of CPN(M)) is the president of the party. Other politburo members were:
Madhav Gyawali
Hemant Bahadur B.C.
Tilak Parajuli
Ganesh Shah
Lok Narayan Subedi
Chandra Deo Joshi
Sharan Bikram Malla
Sunil Manandhar
Bhim Prasad Sedhai
Sahadev Yadav
Ekraj Pandey
Thakur Sharma
The founding unification conference also elected a 34-member Central Committee and a 82-member National Council.[3]
The trade union wing of CPN(UM) is Nepal Progressive Trade Union Federation (NPTUF) and the students wing of the party is the Nepal Progressive Student Federation (NPSF).
In mid-October 2006, the party went through an internal crisis. Prabhu Narayan Chaudhuri received harsh criticism from party members over his actions as Minister of Land Reforms. On October 14 he was gheraoed in his office by party cadres. Ten politburo members, including both Manandhar and Chaudhuri, resigned. Chandra Deo Joshi was appointed acting chairman whereas Lok Narayan Subedi became the new general secretary of the party.[4]
In 2007, Ganesh Shah and Chandra Deo Joshi broke away from CPN(UM), and formed a separate CPN (United).
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Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre-Masal) (Nepali: (–)) was an underground communist political party in Nepal.[1] CPN(UC-M) was constituted in 2002 through the merger of Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre) and Communist Party of Nepal (Masal). The merger of the two parties was announched at a public meeting on April 22, 2002 by the general secretaries of the two parties, Ram Singh Shris of CPN(Masal) and Narayan Kaji Shrestha (Prakash) of CPN(UC).[2][3][4] The CPN(UC-M) adhered to Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought as its ideological basis. The founding general secretary of CPN(UC-M) was Mohan Bikram Singh. The two electoral mass fronts of the two parties merged into Janamorcha Nepal. The Janamorcha Nepal joined the Seven Party Alliance and took active part in the 2006 Loktantra Andolan.
CPN(UC-M) favoured a negotiated settlement of the Nepalese internal conflict. Their proposal, put forward together with other leftists, was to hold a constituent assembly. The party opposed US involvement in Nepal.
After the fall of the royal dictatorship in April 2006 the CPN(UC-M) was split in four. One minor faction formed the Communist Party of Nepal (2006).[5] Two other, and more significant, splits emerged during 2006. First Mohan Bikram Singh formed a parallel CPN(UC-M), taking with him 3 MPs of Janamorcha Nepal (the faction led by Chitra Bahadur K.C., which had formed a parallel Janamorcha Nepal in May 2006). A core issue behind the split was the opposition of Singh towards joining the interim government.[6] The other split emerged as Shris broke away (taking 2 Janamorcha Nepal MPs with him).[7] Shris' faction later merged into the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified).
Prakash was the general secretary of the post-split CPN(UC-M).[8][1]
It merged with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) to form the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in early January 2009.[9]
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Nepal Workers Peasants Party
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(Redirected from Nepal Workers and Peasants Party)
Nepal Workers Peasants Party
Party chairperson Narayan Man Bijukchhe
Headquarters Bhaktapur
Political ideology Communism
Students wing Nepal Revolutionary Students Union
Youth wing Nepal Revolutionary Youth Union
Labour wing Nepal Revolutionary Workers Union
Election symbol
NWPP wall-painting in Bhaktapur
Nepal Workers Peasants Party (Nepali: , abbreviated ) is a communist political party in Nepal. The party president is Narayan Man Bijukchhe alias 'Comrade Rohit'. NWPP has a strong base in the Bhaktapur area, but limited presence otherwise. Rohit and Sunil Prajapati are Members of Parliament of the party.Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Current situation
3 Mass Organizations
4 References
[edit]
History
The party was founded in the late 1970s, as the Nepal Workers' and Peasants' Organisation ( ). NPWO united Rohit's group (Rohit had broken away from the Communist Party of Nepal (Pushpa Lal) in protest over Pushpa Lal Shrestha's support for Indian intervention in East Pakistan), the Proletarian Revolutionary Organisation, Nepal and the Kisan Samiti. The organ of NWPO was Majdur-Kisan. In 1976 the Western Regional Committee published Rato Jhanda.
In 1981 NWPO suffered a severe split, and two separate NWPOs came into existence. One NWPO led by Rohit (which later took the name NWPP) and one NWPO led by Hareram Sharma.[1] The current party is a continuation of Rohit's NWPO.
Rohit's NWPO formed part of the United Left Front and had taken part in the 1990 Jana Andolan uprising. It took part in the formation of the Samyukta Janamorcha Nepal, but left just ahead of the 1991 election.[2] The group changed its name to the Nepal Workers Peasants Party, and contested the election separately. It launched 30 candidates, out of whom two were elected. The party got 91335 votes (1.25%).
Ahead of the 1992 elections to local bodies NWPP took part in forming a front together with the Samyukta Janamorcha Nepal, Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist-Maoist), Communist Party of Nepal (15 September 1949) and Nepal Communist League.[3]
[edit]
Current situation
NWPP mural in Bhaktapur
In the parliamentary election held on 3 and 16 May 1999, the party won 0.6 % of the popular vote and 1 out of 205 seats.
NWPP was active in the protest movements against undemocratic regression in Nepal and is a member of the Seven Party Alliance which spearheaded the 2006 Loktantra Andolan. After the restoration of democratic system, the party decided not to join the government (which it was invited to do), but stayed in the Seven Party Alliance (later converted into the Eight Party Alliance). When the interim legislature was formed in January 2007, Rohit was joined by three nominated MPs: Lila Nyaichai (Bhaktapur), Sunil Prajapati (Bhaktapur) and Jagya Bahadur Shahi (Dailekh).[4]
[edit]
Mass Organizations
Nepal Revolutionary Youths' Union
Nepal Revolutionary Students' Union
Nepal Revolutionary Women's Union
Nepal Revolutionary Teachers' Union
Nepal Revolutionary Peasants' Union
